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Water rationing had to be introduced shortly before the Commonwealth Games were held in the city. In February 1998 a water crisis had occurred as water levels in all three reservoirs dropped simultaneously. In 1998 the main sources of water supply for the area were the Ampang intake (18 megaliter per day) built in 1906, the Klang Gates Dam (28 megaliter per day) built in 1928, and the Semenyih Dam (545 megaliter per day) completed in 1984. The constant growth of the metropolitan area increases its water needs. The Malaysian capital Kuala Lumpur and Selangor state, which surrounds the capital, are the industrial heartland of the country and home to almost half its population. Kuala Lumpur's growing water needs require either better demand management or additional supplies Major rivers in Eastern Malaysia include Malaysia’s longest river, the Rajang River (563 km) in Sarawak. The West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia is more urbanised and industrialised than the sparsely populated and water-rich East Coast.
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Other major rivers in the peninsular Malaysia are the Kelantan River, Terengganu River, Dungun, Endau River, Sedili Besar River and Selangor River. Peninsular Malaysia is drained by a dense network of rivers and streams, the longest being the Pahang River. Malaysia is geographically divided in Peninsular Malaysia and Eastern Malaysia. Thus only less than 1% of available water resources is used for drinking water supply. 76 percent of water was used for agriculture, 11 percent for municipal water supply and 13 percent for industries. In 1995, total water withdrawal was estimated at 12.5 km3, or less than 3 percent of available resources.
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They are estimated at 580 km3/year (average 1977-2001), equivalent to more than 3,000 cubic meters per capita and year. Water resources in Malaysia are abundant and available throughout the year. Surface water stored in reservoirs, such as this reservoir supplying Penang, are the most important source of drinking water supply in Malaysia The sanitation sub-sector has been excluded in the 2006 reforms of the water supply sub-sector. For example, much of the collected wastewater is not yet being treated. Fourth, the development of sewerage and wastewater treatment has lagged behind the development of water infrastructure. Third, a large-scale water transfer project from the Pahang River to Kuala Lumpur is controversial because of its negative social and environmental impacts.
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Second, water losses as well as per capita water use remain high despite efforts at water demand management. First, tariffs are low, thus making cost recovery impossible at current levels so that the sector continues to depend on government subsidies. The government has also stated its intention not to embark on new private sector contracts for water provision, after a bout of such contracts during the 1990s showed mixed results.Ī number of challenges remain, only some of which have been addressed by the reforms. The reform creates a modern institutional structure for the water sector, including an autonomous regulatory agency, an asset management company and commercialised state water companies that have to reach certain key performance indicators that will be monitored by the regulatory agency. The government has also shown a commitment to make the sector more efficient, to create a sustainable funding mechanism and to improve the customer orientation of service providers through sector reforms enacted in 2006. Universal access to water supply at affordable tariffs is a substantial achievement. Water supply and sanitation in Malaysia is characterised by numerous achievements, as well as some challenges. National Water Services Commission (SPAN) - only for peninsular Malaysia Pengurusan Aset Air (Asset ownership for water), Indah Water Konsortium (Sanitation) - both only for peninsular Malaysia Partial (operation and maintenance at the state level) Average urban water use (liter/capita/day)Īverage water and sanitation tariff (US$/m3)